HOW TO STAY CALM UNDER PRESSURE

 

Your favorite athlete closes in for a victorious win. The crowd holds its breath, and  at the crucial moment, she misses the shot. That competitor just experienced the phenomenon known as "chocking", where despite months, even years, of practice, a person fails right when it matteres most.

Choking is common in sports, where performance often occurs under intense pressure and depends on key moments. 

And yet performance anxiety also haunts public speakers, contestants in spelling bees, and even world famous musicians. 

Most people intuitively blame it on their nerves, but why does being nervous undermine expert performance? 

There are two sets of theories, which both say that primarily, chocking under pressure boils down to focus. First there are the distraction theories. These suggest that performance suffers when the mind is preoccupied with worries, doubts, or fears, instead of focusing its attention on performing rhe task at hand.

When relavant and irrelevant thoughts compete for the same attention, something has to give. The brain can only process so much information at once. 

Tasks that challenge working memory, the mental "scratched pad" we use to temporarily store phone numbers and grocery lists, are specially vulnerable to pressure.

In a 2004 study, a group of university students were asked to perform math problems, some easy, others more complex and memory intensive.

Half the students completed both problem types, with nothing at stake, while the others compcompleted them when calm and under pressure.

Whil everyone did well on the easy problems, those whi were stressed performed worse on the more difficult, memory intensive tasks. Explict monitoring theories make up the second group of explanations for chocking under pressure.

They are concerned with how pressure can cause people to ooveranalyze the task at hand. Here the logic goes that once a skill becomes automatic, thinking about its precise mechanics interferes with your ability to do it.

Tasks we do unconsciously seem to be most vulnerable to this kind of chocking. A study on competitive golders compared their performance  when instructed to simply focus on putting as accurately as possible, versus when they were primed to be acutely aware of the mechanics of their putting stroke.

Golfers usually perform this action subconsciously, so those who suddenly tuned in to the precise details of their own moves  also became worse at making accurate shots.

Chocking may not be inevitable for everyone though. Research suggests that some are more susceptible than others, specially those who are self conscious, anxious, and afraid of being judged negativiely by others.

So how can we avoid chocking when it really counts? First it helps to practice under stressful conditions. In a study on expert dart players, researches found that those who had not practiced under stress  performed worse when anxious, compared to those who had become accustomed to pressure.

Secondly many performers extol the virtues of a pre- performance routine, whether its taking a few deep breaths, repeating a cue word, or doing a rhythemic sequence of movements.

Studies on golfing, bowling and water polo find that short rituals can lead to more consistent  and accurate performance under pressure. And thirdly, reserchers have shown that having an external focus on the ultimate goal works better than an internal focus, where someone is tuned into the mechanics of what that they are doing.

A study of experienced golfers revealed that who hit chip shots while focused on the flight of the ball performed significantly better than those who focused on the motion of their arms.

So perhaps we can modify that age- old saying, practice, under pressure, with focus, and with that glorious end goal in sight, makes perfect.